The European Union’s first penalty under its online content law has placed new pressure on Elon Musk’s X platform as regulators move to shape how major tech firms operate in Europe.
The €120 million ($140 million) fine, announced on Friday, has become a test case for how the bloc plans to enforce the Digital Services Act at a time when debates over online transparency, political influence, and platform responsibility are sharpening worldwide.
Although the penalty is lower than many expected, it signals a broader effort to curb the power of social networks that influence political debate across borders.
The timing also amplifies tension with Washington, where officials have criticised the EU’s approach to speech and regulation.
The ruling focuses on X’s internal practices rather than Musk’s wider business empire.
Regulators found that the paid blue tick misled users, the platform resisted data access for researchers, and its advertising repository was not properly established.
The commission described the penalty as proportionate and based on the specific breaches, distancing it from earlier suggestions that revenue from businesses such as SpaceX or Musk’s infrastructure and neuroscience ventures might be considered.
EU sets the stage for tighter enforcement
The investigation began in December 2023 but evolved into a wider political issue as Musk became closely aligned with Donald Trump’s campaign.
His advisory role at the start of Trump’s current term heightened global attention on how X handled its obligations under European law.
By the time the decision was issued, EU officials presented the case as a foundational test for the DSA and said the extended timeline was necessary to ensure that future investigations rest on a firm legal basis.
X now has sixty days to outline solutions and ninety days to apply them. Failure to address the breaches could lead to additional fines.
Under the DSA, penalties can reach up to 6% of a platform’s annual worldwide revenue if companies fail to tackle illegal content, disinformation, or transparency obligations.
The commission views this first ruling as a precedent that will guide enforcement across the tech sector.
Political tensions shape the response
The fine arrives amid heightened friction between the EU and the US.
Ahead of the announcement, US Vice President JD Vance criticised the bloc’s regulatory agenda in a post on X, reflecting a broader concern in Washington that European rules could restrict American platforms and influence global debate on free speech.
Trump has frequently condemned EU action against US tech companies, arguing that European regulators unfairly target American firms.
Against that backdrop, the X penalty extends the geopolitical debate over how digital spaces should be governed and who gets to set global norms for safety, privacy, and political communication.
Broader scrutiny expands across Big Tech
X is not alone in facing increased EU pressure.
Apple, Google, and Meta are all under examination through the Digital Services Act and the Digital Markets Act, which target issues ranging from market dominance to transparency failures.
Recent EU decisions include fines of €500 million for Apple and €200 million for Meta under digital antitrust rules.
Google has faced more than $8 billion in sanctions, while Apple has been ordered to repay €13 billion in back taxes to Ireland under traditional competition law.
The X probe remains open on several fronts. Pending issues include concerns about illegal content, election-related disinformation, and the platform’s use of Community Notes.
These strands have yet to reach the commission’s preliminary findings stage, meaning future penalties remain possible. The current fine will be issued to Musk and xAI, which owns X after acquiring it earlier this year.
Musk has previously stated that he intends to challenge any penalties in court, a move that could delay payments for years.
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